The above external amplifier will attenuate the peak-to-peak excitation voltage at Vout by suitable choice of resistors R1 and R2, thereby reducing the signal current flowing through the impedance. This will also minimize the effect of the output series resistance in the impedance calculations. The impedance in the above circuit under test (Zunknown) will now see the output series resistance of the external amplifier, typically much less than 1Ω, with feedback applied depending upon the op-amp device used (e.g. AD820,AD8641,AD8531) the load current, bandwidth and Gain.

